Diaspora in the Armenian Government’s 2026-2031 agenda

Vaհe H Apelian

During the last National Assembly session, the PM Nikol Pashinyan preseted his government’s 2026-2031 agenda in an eighty-five pages long booklet that was distributed to the delegates. That marathon session as expected, was all about “Real Armenia”, the Republic of Armenia.

The government’s five-year program, also as expected, was adopted by the National Assembly. It consists of six sections and each section is further subdivided by chapters. The program is available online for all those who want to read it. I posted the six sections with their chapters below.

Section 2 is called is called “Human Capital and Welfare”. It consists of 9 chapters. The second chapter pertains to relations with Diaspora. It reads as follows in official translation.

“The Government will redefine the relations with the Diaspora, building them around the ideology of "Real Armenia" and Armenian statehood. It is important to redefine Armenia-Diaspora co-operation in the context of peace. To this end,

(1) Programmes promoting professional repatriation from the Diaspora will be introduced.

(2) The co-operation with pan-Armenian professional, expert, youth and student networks will be expanded.

(3) The access for educational institutions of the Diaspora to educational programmes aligned with the general education content of the Republic of Armenia, educational materials, Armenian-language printed and electronic educational resources, digital educational services, capacity-building and exchange programmes will be continuously expanded, and the integration

of educational institutions into the educational system of Armenia will be ensured to the extent possible.

(4) The co-operation between the educational, scientific and cultural institutions of the Republic of Armenia and the institutions of the Diaspora, including research centres and organisations, will be expanded, promoting the development of joint educational programmes, research projects, academic mobility, and exchange of experience.”

The government of Armenia is stating that “The Government will redefine its relations with the Diaspora around the ideology of "Real Armenia" and Armenian statehood.” There is nothing new there, other than having stated bluntly what has been the case on and since May 28, 1918. We in the Diaspora need to understand the obvious reasons that no Armenian government has made the return of historical lands; and recognition, reparation, and restitution of the Armenian Genocie the government’s foreign policy matters. If we do not understand and appreciate that, we will never narrow the divide between Diaspora and Armenia. 

Any argument to the contrary will have to contend then with the fact that the Armenian governments have been acting unconstitutionally since the Declaration of Indepence, adopted on August 23, 1990, was incorporated in the Armenian constitution in 1995. No Armenian government since May 28, 1928, has made regognition, reparation, restitution of the Genocide and Armenian historical lands as instruments of its foreign policy. The marathon session of the last National Assembly was all about Real Armenia. Diaspora, on the other hand has to a great extend, hinged its Armenian identity on Genocide. There remains to be seen how Diaspora structure its relations with Armenia. I am reminded of the commemoration of the Armenian Genocide before 1965. It was held indoors with the Avedis Aharonian’s quote inevitably on display “ «Այսքան չարիք թէ մոռանան մեր որդիք, Թո՛ղ ողջ աշխարհ Հային կարդայ նախատինք» - “If our children will forget so much evil, let the whole world read them contempt.” I do not think there is any Armenian of my generation who does not know Avedis Aharonian’s statement by heart.

Of course we will never forget the Genocide. We will remember and honor the martyrs of the Genocide. In Armenia, by paying homage to them in at the Tsitsernakaberd Genocide memorial complex. Armenian government officias will continue to pay homage to the martyrs on April 24, which is condified as a non-working holiday. In the Diaspora, Armenian schools will close on April 24. Armenian churches will continue on offering special services and memorial liturgies on April 24 to observe the Holy Martyrs of the Armenian of the Armenian genocide.

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The Armenian Republic Government’s programme for 2026-2031. 

Content:

SECTION 1. FOREIGN POLICY AND SECURITY 

Chapter 1. Foreign Policy

Chapter 2. Security

SECTION 2. HUMAN CAPITAL AND WELFARE 

Chapter 1. Education 

Chapter 2. Relations with the Diaspora 

Chapter 3. Healthcare 

Chapter 4. Sports and Healthy Lifestyle 

Chapter 5. Labor and Social Protection 

Chapter 6. Culture 

Chapter 7. Spiritual Security 

Chapter 8. Environment 

SECTION 3. ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION 

Chapter 1. Global and Integrated Economy 

Chapter 2. Competitive Economy 

Chapter 3. Knowledge-Based and Innovative Economy 

SECTION 4. URBAN PLANNING AND INFRASTRUCTURE 

Chapter 1. Transport 

Chapter 2. Energy 

Chapter 3. Communications 

Chapter 4. Water resources and systems 

Chapter 5. Urban development and spatial planning 

Chapter 6. Waste management 

SECTION 5. DEMOCRACY, JUSTICE AND THE FIGHT AGAINST CORRUPTION 

Chapter 1. Adoption of the new Constitution 

Chapter 2. Electoral system reforms 

Chapter 3. Reevaluation of the institution of citizenship 

Chapter 4. Protection of human rights 

Chapter 5. Strengthening the independence and efficiency of the judicial system 

Chapter 6. Penitentiary, probation and compulsory enforcement reform of the system providing 

Chapter 7. Expansion of out-of-court dispute resolution methods 

Chapter 8. Digitalization of justice and the judicial system 

Chapter 9. Anti-corruption policy 

SECTION 6. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION EFFICIENCY AND DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 

Chapter 1. Skilled people 

Chapter 2. Evidence-based and effective policies 

Chapter 3. People-centered services and digital transformation 

Chapter 4. Effective management of public finances and assets 

SUMMARY

 

A chronology of Armenia related events between 1915--1923

1915 to 1923 is a crucial period in Armenian history and is a very convoluted era. In order to give a structure to that period and facilitate its visualization, I listed pertinent dates in a chronological order to personify. Vaհe H Apelian

1914 – 1915 July 28, 1914,  a Tuesday On this day, World War I formally started, when Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. February 19,1915,  a Friday On this day, the Gallipoli campaign (also known as the Dardanelles campaign) officially began during World War I when British and French naval forces started a long-range bombardment of Ottoman fortifications in the Dardanelles, located in present-day Turkey. Historian claim that the Ottoman victory at Gallipoli did not cause the Armenian Genocide, but the wartime crisis surrounding the campaign created a climate of fear that the Committee of Union and Progress used to justify the massacres. April 24, 1915,  a Saturday On this day, Ottoman authorities arrested over 200 Armenian community leaders, intellectuals, and professionals in Constantinople, marking the beginning of the Armenian Genocide. 1918 May 28, 1918, a Tuesday On this day, the Armenian National Council in Tiflis, Georgia, declared the independence of Armenia, marking the establishment of the First Republic of Armenia. June 4, 1918, a Tuesday. On this day, and a week after declaring Independent Armenia, the First Republic of Armenia, signed the Treaty of Batumi. Turkey recognized Armenia's impendence. The treaty left Armenia with a severely truncated, landlocked territory, including (10,400 square km) areas like Yerevan and Etchmiadzin. June 13, 1918, a Thursday On this day, and two weeks after declaring independence, a Republic of Armenia delegation, comprised by Avedis Aharonian, Alexander Khadisian, and Mikayel Papajanian left Tiflis on an official visit to Turkey as the Republic Of Armenia’s maiden visitation to friendly Turkey. June 19, 1918,  a Wednesday On this day, the Avedis Aharonian, Alexander Khatisian and Mikayel Papajanian, delegation arrived in Constantinople, where it was received in a manner appropriate to dignitaries representing a state. They remained until November 1, that is, approximately 4 and a half months. https://vhapelian.blogspot.com/2025/11/republic-of-armenia-first-official_26.html   August 1, 1919,  a Thursday On this day, the inaugural session of the National Assembly of Armenia convened, while Avedis Aharonian and his delegation were in Constantinople. https://vhapelian.blogspot.com/2026/08/august-1-1918-inaugural-session-of.html   October 30, 1918, a Wednesday On this day, Armistice of Mudros was signed. Armenians did not formally participate in the Armistice of Mudros. The agreement was made exclusively between representatives of the victorious Allied Powers (represented by Great Britain) and the defeated Ottoman Empire. It enabled the Allied powers to begin partitioning the Ottoman Empire.  The armistice of Mudros led to the Treaty of Sèvres, the little ally to the allied powers. November 1, 1918, a Friday On this day, The Avedis Aharonian, Alexander Khatisian and Mikayel Papajanian, delegation, having spent almost four and half month in Constantinople, left the capital city Constantinople around November 1, 1918, following the signing of the Armistice of Mudros on October 30, 1918. November 11, 1918, a Monday. On this day, the World War I formally and famously ended on the eleventh hour on the eleventh day of the eleventh month. 1919-1920 January 18,1919,  a Saturday On this day, the historic Paris Peace Conference of 1919 formally opened on January 18, 1919, though preliminary meetings and arrivals began on January 12, 1919. January 21,1920, a Wednesday On this day, the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 officially ended. August 10, 1920, a Tuesday On this day, the Treaty of Sèvres was signed after the main formal sessions of the Paris Peace Conference concluded, though it was part of the overall peace process. The Treaty of Sèvres promised a post-World War I independent Armenia with a territory on the Armenian Highland, including provinces like Van and Erzerum, and an outlet to the Black Sea. However, this treaty was never implemented because it was rejected by the emerging Turkish nationalist movement led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who waged a war against the Allied Powers and established the Republic of Turkey. Consequently, the Treaty of Sèvres was replaced by the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923, which made no provisions for an Armenian state and set back the prospects for Armenians. November 29, 1920 Monday On this day, Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed by local revolutionaries. December 2,1920, a Thursday The leadership of the First Republic of Armenia (the ARF government) agreed to cede power to the communists. The 4th PM of the first Republic of Armenia Simon Vratsian was in office between November 23, 1920 to December 2 of 1920 when he ceded power to the Bolsheviks. Armenia became part of the Russian dominated Soviet Union. December 2, 1920, a Thursday On this day, the Treaty of Alexandropol, signed on. It was a devastating accord between the First Republic of Armenia and Turkey. For Armenia, the treaty was a capitulation that forced the country to cede over half of its territory, including the Kars region, renounce the Treaty of Sèvres, and accept severe military restrictions that left it a vulnerable, de facto protectorate of Turkey. The treaty was never ratified due to Armenia's Sovietization. The treaty's terms, particularly concerning borders, were largely confirmed by the subsequent Treaty of Kars. 1921-1923 13 October 1921, a Thursday On this day, the signing of the Treaty of Kars took place that established the borders between Turkey and the three Transcaucasian Soviet republics, which are now the independent republics of Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan. The treaty was signed in the city of Kars. June 24, 1923, a Saturday On this day, the infamous Treaty of Lausanne, the “granddaddy” of all Turkish Armenian treaties, took place. The treaty effectively ended the Armenian Cause / Hai Tahd, by abolishing the Treaty of Sèvres, which had envisioned an independent Armenia. While the treaty did not explicitly mention Armenians, it granted amnesty to perpetrators of past crimes, including those related to the Armenian Genocide, and codified the borders of modern Turkey consolidating Turkey's control over the historic Armenian lands and resulting in expulsion of the Armenians and the confiscation of their properties.

August 1, 1918: The inaugural session of Armenian National Assembly.

Today, Tatul Hakopyan wrote that August 1, can be celebrated in Armenia as Parliamentarianism Day, because the first session of the first ever  Armenian National Council/Parliament took place on that day in 1918. Vaհe H Apelian

Courtesy Tatul Hakobyan

I quote Tatul Hakobyan: “The first legislative body in the history of Armenia, the parliament, was formed in the summer of 1918, two months after the proclamation of the First Republic. It was also the first legislative body in the history of Armenia that was formed not by elections, but as a result of political agreement.

The first parliament, which bore the name of Council, was formed by tripling the members of the Armenian National Council, as well as by involving 6 Turks (in today's terminology, Azerbaijanis) and one Russian and one Yezidi, for a total of 46 deputies, of which 38 were Armenians.

The following political forces were represented in the Council: The Armenian Revolutionary Federation, the Armenian People's Party (Ramkavars), the Social Democrats, and the Socialist Revolutionaries.

On August 1, 1918, the first session of the Council of Armenia opened in the hall of the Yerevan City Club, which was attended by the entire government, headed by Prime Minister Hovhannes Kajaznuni. (See note 10). Also present at the session were representatives of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Turkey, the consul of Persia, and representatives of the Russian and Muslim national councils. Among the high-ranking Armenian military officers present were Tovmas Nazarbekyan and Movses Silikyan.

The honor of opening the first session of the first legislative body of Armenia was given to Dashnaktsutyun Avetik Sahakyan. Amidst profound silence, Sahakyan took the stage and delivered the opening speech, which was translated into Russian and Turkish on the spot”

Avedik Sahakyan’s speech at the inaugural session:

“Citizens, Deputies of the Council of Armenia.

On behalf of the Supreme Armenian National Council, I have the honor today to open the inaugural session of the Council of Armenia and to declare that from now on this is the only authorized body encompassing the state power of the Republic of Armenia.

This day will become historic for us and will open a new bright era in the life of our young state.

This day will always be memorable and for the reason that for the first time we see realized within our narrow horizons the beautiful dream and cherished desire for self-determination, albeit in impossibly difficult conditions.

Assuming that many of you are not well informed about the issue of our country's independence, I find it extremely important to present to this high assembly the stages through which the idea of ​​independent states in Transcaucasia has passed from its inception to its final formulation.

Our republic, like the others, emerged as independent state from the day the Transcaucasian Sejm declared itself dissolved on May 26 [1918]. On the initiative and proposal of the Georgian Social Democratic faction, Georgia declared itself independent on the same day.

After the collapse of the Transcaucasus, our country was left to its own devices, so the Armenian National Council hastened to take over all the functions of the government.

It was then that the well-known ultimatum of the Ottoman government about new land acquisitions was received and a response was required within 48 hours. The Supreme Council immediately sent a separate delegation to Batumi in the person of Hovhannes Kajaznuni, Mikael Papajanyan and Alexander Khatisyan, giving them extraordinary powers to negotiate with the Turkish delegation. (Note 1)

Our delegation managed to make some corrections to the borders, but was still forced to accept the ultimatum and conclude a peace alliance with Vehib Pasha and Khalil Bey. Here, for the first time, the deputies of the Armenian National Council were officially recognized as representatives of independent Armenia and signed the June 4 alliance [Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the Republic of Armenia and the Ottoman Imperial Government, 1918].

The independence of our state is also known to the allied states of Dajkastan(Turkey): Germany, Austria, Bulgaria. Our second delegation is in Constantinople, which includes Avetis Aharonyan, Alexander Khatisyan and Mikael Papajanyan, who traveled there at the invitation of the Ottoman government to conduct negotiations with Tajikistan and its allied states.

Thus, having comprehensively examined the country's forces and the circumstances in which the Armenian people find themselves, on the one hand, and the political and economic situation created, on the other, the Armenian National Council squeezed its heart and with a merciless conscience decided to finally accept the ultimatum and recognize the independence of Armenia, surrendering itself to the impartial judgment of history.

Yes, our republic is small and with narrow borders, it has been deprived of its most valuable territories and cannot accommodate the entire population within it and, it seems, does not have the conditions for an independent existence. But I believe that the borders of the country cannot remain frozen forever. I believe that the borders of the country will expand with the iron force of life, with the protection of our just and indisputable rights in relation to the occupied territories and with a new friendly alliance with Dajkatan (Turkey) and its allied states, whose representatives are present here. We have chosen the path of agreement and peace, and I want to hope that we are not mistaken.

Until then, we will fulfill our duties arising from the peace alliance with holiness and steadfastness. Let us leave aside future prospects, at least today here, without hesitation and with full determination, we cast anchor on our stateship and lay the foundation of the state building, striving to always improve it for the benefit of all nationalities of the Republic of Armenia, as children of one dear motherland.

I declare the session of the Council of Armenia open.”

Avetik Sahakyan was born in 1864 in Jalaloghli (now Stepanavan). In 1920, when Armenia was Sovietized, Sahakyan moved to Tabriz. He died in 1933 in Lebanon.

***

Note 1: On the 13th of June [1918], An Armenian delegation, representing  the Republic of Armenia, consisting of Avedis Aharonian, Alexander Khatisian and Mikayel Papajanian, left Tiflis and on the 19th of the same month arrived in Constantinople, where it remained until November 1, that is, approximately for 4 and a half months.

Republic of Armenia: First official visit to Turkey From June 13 to November 1, 1918

 Avedis Aharonian on his meetings with Talaat, Enver, and other people in Constantinople: November 23, 1918, Yerevan. The post was a report that appeared in the ZANK newspaper, ARF organ, No. 75, Sunday, December 1, 1918. Tatul Hagopyan had posted the on his page - Ահարոնյանը իր՝ Թալեաթի, Էնվերի և Պոլսի մյուս հանդիպումների մասին․ 1918-ի նոյեմբերի 23, Երևան -. Vaհe H Apelian

 

«On the 23rd of this month [November 1918], unger Avedis Aharonian, the chairman of the delegation to Bolis (Constantinople), gave to a small group of friends, a very interesting report, the brief content of which we present here.

The members of the delegation were Aharonian, Alexander Khatisian and Mikayel Papajanian. On the 13th of June [1918], the delegation left Tiflis and on the 19th of the same month arrived in Constantinople, where it remained until November 1, that is, approximately 4 and a half months.

In the port of Constantinople, while still on the ship, the delegation was met by  the  makhmandar, the government representative acting as the host, Mukhtar Bey, who welcomed the arrival of the delegation “on behalf of the Ottoman imperial government.” To which the delegation responded that they thank the Sublime Port “on behalf of the Armenian government.”

From the seaport, our delegation was driven to the city in government cars and accommodated in the Tokatlian Hotel, while the Georgian and Azerbaijani delegations were accommodated in the Pera Palace. The delegation was provided with all kinds of amenities, as befits a representation of a state.

The arrival of the Armenian delegation in Constantinople made a stunning impression both on Turks and Armenians alike. The news of the delegation's arrival was published in the newspapers as a sensational news, because it was completely unexpected for all of Constantinople, for all of Turkey.

The Turkish public was simply stunned upon learning of the arrival of the Armenian delegation, because until then, the Turkish public was accustomed to reading that the Armenians had been exterminated in the Caucasus, that the entire Caucasus had been subjugated by Turkey. But now, it suddenly saw that the Armenians have not only not been exterminated, but, on the contrary, have found a separate state, whose representatives have come to Constantinople.

Sunday June 23, 1918

The Armenians of Constantinople were also stunned and completely astonished. They also thought that the Armenian element no longer existed in the Caucasus, that it had been exterminated as a nation, because the Turkish government and Turkish newspapers had convinced them so; and yet they suddenly heard that the Armenians not only exist, but on the contrary, have also founded a state and sent their delegation to Constantinople. At night, Armenians secretly went from house to house, whispering this, apparently unbelievable news to each other, to  convince themselves of its accuracy.

On the second or third day, the same makhmandar came to the delegation and presented a list of institutions and officials that the delegation was to visit. The strange thing was that there was no Armenian institution on the list, not even the patriarchate.

The first visit was to the Grand Vizier, Talaat Pasha. Of course it is understandable the difficult mental state that our delegation must have experienced at that moment.

After official introductions, the chairman of the delegation addressed the Grand Vizier with approximately the following words: “Your Highness, we are glad that we have come here under the auspices of your imperial government to work out the conditions of a good-neighborly alliance. Our people and country need to expand, and if you show us that goodwill, our friendship with you will improve even more. The problem must also be addressed here in the shortest possible time, because the situation is unbearable. Here, the positive solution of these problems must form the basis of our friendship.”

Turkey was first to recognize the 11,000 square km  Republic of Armenia, which made
the Armenin republic untenable.  

The issue of emigration interested the Grand Vizier. He asked, “How many emigrants do you have?” Approximately 800 thousand, the head of the delegation replied, of which 3-4 hundred thousand are Turkish-Armenians.” “That many Turkish-Armenians?” asked the Grand Vizier, and then  mysteriously fell silent.

“Very well,” replied the Grand Vizier, “these issues will be discussed at the conference.”

The next visit was given to the Minister of War, Enver Pasha. The outward impression was extremely favorable: with a pleasant look, well-mannered, modest, not  a deceit on his face. Here also, the delegation said approximately the same thing as it had said to Talaat Pasha.

Enver said, “I knew you would come. Armenians are good opponents and good fighters. from that point of view, we give them a very high place among the Caucasian nationalities.”

The President replied: “Armenians are not only good opponents, but also good friends.”

“Why not good allies?”, Enver suddenly asked. And here he touched on the issue of the military alliance between Armenia and Turkey, hastening to immediately add that this statement is not made by the government, but only by himself, that it was his plan

Enver also pointed out the conditions on which his supposed military alliance should be based. “Of course,” he said, “we, having become conscious, cannot demand from you that you fight in our ranks, together with us, against the British. We know that you will not do that. But we want to be safe at the rear of our army. When it moves towards the English, towards Persia, it cannot be endangered by you.” The delegation reported that this is a matter on which it had no instructions from its government, and therefore did not consider itself entitled to show any position towards the matter.

A number of other visits were also made, which were more  polite in nature thanpolitical nature. Among the other visits, notable was the visit to Khalil Bey will be reported next time.

 

Courtesy of Tatul Hakobyan
According to the Turkish ultimatum, the Armenian territory comprises 11,000 square verst, (1.07 km), 580,000 Armenians and approximately 100,000 Turkish. This territory falls west of Sevan Lake, south and south east"
Source: Horizon newspaper, May 31, 1918.

Republic of Armenia: First official visit to Turkey Report on November 23, 1918

Avedis Aharonian on his meetings with Talaat, Enver, and other people in Constantinople: November 23, 1918, Yerevan. The post was a report that appeared in the ZANK newspaper, ARF organ, No. 75, Sunday, December 1, 1918. Tatul Hagopyan had posted the on his page - Ահարոնյանը իր՝ Թալեաթի, Էնվերի և Պոլսի մյուս հանդիպումների մասին․ 1918-ի նոյեմբերի 23, Երևան -. Vaհe H Apelian

 

«On the 23rd of this month [November 1918], unger Avedis Aharonian, the chairman of the delegation to Bolis (Constantinople), gave to a small group of friends, a very interesting report, the brief content of which we present here.

The members of the delegation were Aharonian, Alexander Khatisian and Mikayel Papajanian. On the 13th of June [1918], the delegation left Tiflis and on the 19th of the same month arrived in Constantinople, where it remained until November 1, that is, approximately 4 and a half months.

In the port of Constantinople, while still on the ship, the delegation was met by  the  makhmandar, the government representative acting as the host, Mukhtar Bey, who welcomed the arrival of the delegation “on behalf of the Ottoman imperial government.” To which the delegation responded that they thank the Sublime Port “on behalf of the Armenian government.”

From the seaport, our delegation was driven to the city in government cars and accommodated in the Tokatlian Hotel, while the Georgian and Azerbaijani delegations were accommodated in the Pera Palace. The delegation was provided with all kinds of amenities, as befits a representation of a state.

The arrival of the Armenian delegation in Constantinople made a stunning impression both on Turks and Armenians alike. The news of the delegation's arrival was published in the newspapers as a sensational news, because it was completely unexpected for all of Constantinople, for all of Turkey.

The Turkish public was simply stunned upon learning of the arrival of the Armenian delegation, because until then, the Turkish public was accustomed to reading that the Armenians had been exterminated in the Caucasus, that the entire Caucasus had been subjugated by Turkey. But now, it suddenly saw that the Armenians have not only not been exterminated, but, on the contrary, have found a separate state, whose representatives have come to Constantinople.

Sunday June 23, 1918

The Armenians of Constantinople were also stunned and completely astonished. They also thought that the Armenian element no longer existed in the Caucasus, that it had been exterminated as a nation, because the Turkish government and Turkish newspapers had convinced them so; and yet they suddenly heard that the Armenians not only exist, but on the contrary, have also founded a state and sent their delegation to Constantinople. At night, Armenians secretly went from house to house, whispering this, apparently unbelievable news to each other, to  convince themselves of its accuracy.

On the second or third day, the same makhmandar came to the delegation and presented a list of institutions and officials that the delegation was to visit. The strange thing was that there was no Armenian institution on the list, not even the patriarchate.

The first visit was to the Grand Vizier, Talaat Pasha. Of course it is understandable the difficult mental state that our delegation must have experienced at that moment.

After official introductions, the chairman of the delegation addressed the Grand Vizier with approximately the following words: “Your Highness, we are glad that we have come here under the auspices of your imperial government to work out the conditions of a good-neighborly alliance. Our people and country need to expand, and if you show us that goodwill, our friendship with you will improve even more. The problem must also be addressed here in the shortest possible time, because the situation is unbearable. Here, the positive solution of these problems must form the basis of our friendship.”

Turkey was first to recognize the 11,000 square km  Republic of Armenia, which made
the Armenin republic untenable.  

The issue of emigration interested the Grand Vizier. He asked, “How many emigrants do you have?” Approximately 800 thousand, the head of the delegation replied, of which 3-4 hundred thousand are Turkish-Armenians.” “That many Turkish-Armenians?” asked the Grand Vizier, and then  mysteriously fell silent.

“Very well,” replied the Grand Vizier, “these issues will be discussed at the conference.”

The next visit was given to the Minister of War, Enver Pasha. The outward impression was extremely favorable: with a pleasant look, well-mannered, modest, not  a deceit on his face. Here also, the delegation said approximately the same thing as it had said to Talaat Pasha.

Enver said, “I knew you would come. Armenians are good opponents and good fighters. from that point of view, we give them a very high place among the Caucasian nationalities.”

The President replied: “Armenians are not only good opponents, but also good friends.”

“Why not good allies?”, Enver suddenly asked. And here he touched on the issue of the military alliance between Armenia and Turkey, hastening to immediately add that this statement is not made by the government, but only by himself, that it was his plan

Enver also pointed out the conditions on which his supposed military alliance should be based. “Of course,” he said, “we, having become conscious, cannot demand from you that you fight in our ranks, together with us, against the British. We know that you will not do that. But we want to be safe at the rear of our army. When it moves towards the English, towards Persia, it cannot be endangered by you.” The delegation reported that this is a matter on which it had no instructions from its government, and therefore did not consider itself entitled to show any position towards the matter.

A number of other visits were also made, which were more  polite in nature thanpolitical nature. Among the other visits, notable was the visit to Khalil Bey will be reported next time.

 

Courtesy of Tatul Hakobyan
According to the Turkish ultimatum, the Armenian territory comprises 11,000 square verst, (1.07 km), 580,000 Armenians and approximately 100,000 Turkish. This territory falls west of Sevan Lake, south and south east"
Source: Horizon newspaper, May 31, 1918.

 

Achieving greatness: Antranig Zarougian

 Vahe H Apelian 

In Latin characters, Antranig Zarougian’s name is spelled in many other ways such as:  Antranig Dzarugian, Antranik Tsarukian. That is why in the ensuing text I deliberately spelled his name in different ways. I dedicate this blog to my mother who was so fond of Antranig Zarougian.

Courtesy Tsolag Hovsepian (see note 1)

One of my favorite books is Antranig Zarougian’s “The Greats and the Others”. I have read it more than once. I have also translated excerpts, if not whole chapters from the book. But I continue keep referring to it every now and then because both of the color of Antranig Zarougian’s depiction of the characters in his book but also, I am particularly drawn by a statement Antranig Zarougian made on an unnumbered pag, right after the title page. It reads as follows: “The Diaspora is an unstable and slippery ground, where the real greats fail to remain great, and the gifted younger ones are not allowed to achieve greatness”.(see note 2)

I have wondered what compelled Antranig Zarougian to make that statement and have it prominently stood out on the unnumbered blank page right after the title page, especially when the book, as the title notes, is about “The Greats and the others”.

The book is published in 1992. It is a recollection of Antranig Zarougian’s memoirs having dealt with those who stood prominent in the Armenian diaspora. Zarougian was a social activist as well and had personal dealings with each and every one of the greats he wrote about. It is fair that I cite the protagonists of each chapter of the book.

The first chapter is titled “Contrasting twins: Shant-Aghpalian” (pages 9 to 61). Naturally the chapter is about Levon Shant and Nigol Aghpalian. The second chapter is called “The Solitary Giant” (pages 65-118). It is about Hagop Oshagan. The third chapter is titled “The Patriarch of the Armenian Literature” (pages 121-169). The chapter is about Arshag Chobanian. The fourth chapter is titled “The Stinging Bee and the Tiger” (pages 173 - 227). This chapter is about Arshavir Shiragian and Trasdamad Ganayan (Dro). The fifth chapter is titled “A person’s picture and the picture of a person”, (pages 231 -257). The chapter is about Hamo Ohanjanian and Vahan Papazian (Goms). The sixth chapter is titled “The passenger and his ways”, (pages 261- 301). The chapter is about Gostan Zarian. The seventh chapter is titled “The Triumph of the plain” (pages 305 - 315). This chapter is about Shavarsh Missakian. The last chapter is more about the others who in their own ways were no less prominent. The chapter is titled “Road notes – they were and are no more” (pages 319-351). The chapter makes mention of his dealing wiht Aram Andonian, Levon Mozian, Shavarsh Nartouni, Arpeg Minassian, Aharon Dadourian, Vahan Yerjanian, Nigoghos Sarafian, Nshan Beshigtashlian. He ends his book reflecting on his visit to Avedis Aharonian confined to his bed for the past one and half decades under the loving care of his loving and nurturing wife, the gracious and the beautiful sister of Mikael Varantian, who had inflamed many a heart in her younger days and of whom Antranig Zarougian remarked that there still are men who look for angels somewhere else.  

Antranig Zarougian was a social activist and had dealt with each of them and wrote about them in a his beautiful prose, in the context of the diaspora of the day and in the context of the greats interacting with each other and with others. In my view only Antranig Zarougian could have written about these greats, not in lavish praise but as persons made of flesh and blood, like any other.

We should bear in mind that Diaspora came about after the Meds Yeghern and the fall of the first republic in 1920. These greats had already achieved their greatness or had already set their course for greatness and continued charting it in the diaspora. They not only led, but ruled the diaspora of their days. The statement I just made comes from the impressionable child or adolescent I was, growing up and getting to know the diaspora I knew and the these greats ruled.

But Antranig Zarougian, unlike the greats he wrote about, was a child of the diaspora. He was born in Gurun on October 4, 1913. In the ensuing mayhem he had lost both his father and his mother and was growing up under the care of an Armenian orphanage when by a stroke of good fortune in 1921, in Aleppo, he  reunited with his mother of whom he said was the unluckiest of all the women but the dottiest mother and grandmother. 

Antranig Dzarugian was the nature’s gift to his nation, a literary genius with boundless energy. He was a poet, a writer, an educator, a journalist and a publisher and underlying them all was his  persona. He was an activist. In fact he was a rebel with boundless energy. As a teenager he was among the few who were chosen from Aleppo and were sent to Beirut to be educated in Djemaran for leadership. Any other student would have acted in  his best behavior to continue receiving his subsidized education in the premier institution, but not him. He was kicked out of the school and departed with Nigol Aghpalian’s fatherly concern for this unruly teenager.

I imagine that Antranig Dzarougian, about whom much can be written, was cognizant of his literary genius and no less rightfully ambitious to achieve greatness and that is why he noted that “the younger gifted were not allowed to achieve greatness”. But I think that Antranig Zarougian missed the very underlying cause. The very reason that the greats failed to remain great he noted, was the very same reason that kept the ambitious, inordinately gifted rebel to achieve greatness. The cause was in his stars. He was born in the diaspora, although in Gurun in 1913,, and grew up in the diaspora and toiled in the diaspora.

Antranig Zarougian passed away on October 4, 1989 in Paris, the City of Lights, he liked so much. I do not think that there is any Armenian who is remotely interested in Diaspora has not heard of Antranig Zarougian and does not  view him among the Armenian literary greats.

Antranig Zarougian may not have realized when he noted that passage in his book “The Greats and the others”, that he was indeed destined to achieve greatness, and he did.   

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Note 1. The picture of Antranig Zarougian is from Tzolag Hovsepian’s album “Familiar Faces” (page 83). Tzolag Hovsepian was a professional photographer but he did not claim ownership of the pictures of the “familiar faces” he took, claiming that they belong to the Armenian nation. The picture is taken along the Mediterranean coast in Beirut.

Note 2: The original quote, բնագիրը՝ «Սփիւռքը անկայուն եւ լպրծուն գետին է, ուր մեծերը չեն յաջողիր մեծ մնալ, իսկ օժտուած կրտսերներուն թոյլ չի տրուիր որ մեծնան»