July 1, 1846, and Beyond

Vahe H. Apelian

The First Church Council of the Armenian Evangelical Church,
 Pera, Istanbul, Turkey

I may have more of a reason to remember that date because it is my official birthday, a hundred years later. In fact, I was born on June 22, in Lebanon. Apparently, it was not unreasonable that it would take more than a week to have my birthday registered and the certificate issued by the authorities.

Rev. William Goodell, who was a missionary on behalf of the most influential American missionary association called American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mission (ABCFM), recalled July 1, 1846 and noted the following in his memoir: “Forty persons, of whom three were women, voluntarily entered onto covenant with God and with each other, and we, in the name of all the evangelical churches of Christendom, rose and formally recognized and acknowledged them as a true church of Christ.” The assembly on that day became the foundation of The Evangelical Church of Armenia--"Hayasdaniatz Avedaranagan Yegeghetsi" – «Հայաստանեաց Աւերտարանական Եկեղեցի».  

Why A Separate Armenian Church?

I quote Rev. Dr. Vahan Tootikian: “The causes of ”separation" were not random, shallow and capricious. Rather, these causes were a direct outcome of the Armenian Renaissance in the 19th century. It was part of the great upsurge of Armenian intellectual spirit. There was a revival of thinking in the social, economic, and religious realms. Some reform-minded Armenians in the Patriarchal Academy of the Armenian Apostolic Patriarchate of Istanbul insisted that the Armenian Apostolic Church should be revitalized. In 1836 these reformists established a secret society named Barepashtoutian Miabanoutune (The Society of Piety) in order to reform the church. They met the strong resistance and the opposition of the Armenian ruling magnates and the patriarch. Failure to reform the Church became the basic source of conflict. The reformists continued to push their demands, which provoked strong retaliation from the Armenian Patriarch Mateos Chookhajian. Persecution and suffering did not alienate the Armenian Evangelicals from the Mother Church. It was the act of excommunications of the Patriarch that forced them to organize themselves into a separate religious community, the Protestant Millet. It was this separation which resulted in the formation of the Armenian Evangelical Church on July 1, 1846.”

Indeed, there was a reform movement within the Armenian Apostolic Church. But the reform was not only in ecclesiastical matters but in temporal matters as well because the Patriarchate was in fact an Armenian government of sort in the Ottoman Empire. Sixteen years later, in 1863, the Armenian Millet would have its national constitution after centuries having the Patriarchate run the affairs of the Armenian nation (Millet) in the Ottoman Empire without a national constitution.

Why Did Excommunication Matter?

The Patriarch’s excommunication was not a mere rebuke or a moral reprimand. It had serious implications for the ostracized reformists. The Millet system constituted the core of the Ottoman Empire governance of its minorities. Rev. William Goodell found that system of governance as an “anomalous form of government, the Sublime Porte, as the Sultan’s government is called, being supreme, while each separate nation has its own head.” In the case of the Armenians, it was the Patriarch of Constantinople who was also the secular head of the Armenian Millet (confessional community) in the Ottoman Empire.

Consequently, excommunication meant that those reformists were banished from the Armenian Millet and were left without recourse. It was akin to  depriving forty natural born Americans of citizenship leaving them stateless. The Patriarchate of Constantinople, the present-day Istanbul, had the authority to marry, divorce, settle disputes, and even run its prison for the Armenian subjects of the Ottoman Sultan and the Armenians conducted their affairs with the Ottoman authorities through the Armenian Patriarchate. By banishing the reformists, the Patriarchate disowned them and ceased to represent them. Consequently, the reformists were left on their own without recourse for any issue they might face. 

But the reformists treaded on. A year and a few months after the July 1, 1846, assembly,  on November 15, 1847, Rev. William Goodell noted  that “the grand vizier issued a firman, declaring that the Christian subjects of the Ottoman government professing Protestantism should constitutes a separate community...This firman was so worded that converts form among the Greeks and Jews who joined the Protestants might enjoy the same immunities”. The reformists now had their own “nation”. On Nov. 27, 1850, Sultan Abdul Mejid ratified the edict that became the “Magna Carta” of the Protestant community that stands, to this day, in the Middle East. The Armenian Evangelicals are part and parcel of the Protestant community from the get-go. In fact, they were instrumental in the founding of the Protestant Millet.

Was the Excommunication the Cause for the Separation?

The excommunication could very well have been a cause that acted as a catalyst for the inevitable separation of the reformists’ church. I do not have sufficient knowledge on  the Armenian church doctrinal matters to expand on the issue here. But any lay person who has attended both Armenian Apostolic and Armenian Evangelical churches surely realizes that these two churches have fundamentally different worship services and consequently also differ in some doctrinal and in administrative hierarchical matters.

We should also take into consideration the influence the American missionaries might have exercised for having facilitated the formations of a separate church, or a millet, but not necessarily advocating a separate church or a millet. 

After excommunicating the leadership of the movement, the separation of the Armenian Evangelical Church from the Armenian Apostolic church became inevitable.

A Different Church as Well?

Rev. William Goodell arrived in Constantinople on June 9, 1831. His arrival had coincided with a reformation movement within the Armenian Church. Fifteen years later, and after much agony and ecstasy, on July 1, 1846, the Armenian Evangelical Church came about and in 1863, the Armenian National Constitution. 

Was the separate Armenian Evangelical Church a different church as well? No doubt during the initial phase of its founding and accreditation as a separate Millet, the adherents of the Armenian Apostolic Church, who constituted the overwhelming majority of the Armenians, regarded the Armenian Evangelical Church faithful as members of a different church and even as different Armenians as well. Anointing the newborns with Holy Muron during baptism had made a person a Christian Armenian. The Armenian Evangelical Church did not require its adherents to be anointed in Holy Muron and on Sundays they worshiped in an altogether different service in their sanctuaries.

Rev. William Goodell’s parting letter hints to the schism that had come about between the two churches.  Rev. Goodell left Constantinople on June 27, 1865, some 40 years after leaving his homeland. Through those over four decades, he had visited his country, the United States of America, only once. Before taking leave for good, he addressed his brethren in the Evangelical Churches in the Ottoman Empire and alluded to the recent schism in the Armenian nation that led to the formation of the Armenian Evangelical Church. Rev. Goodell wrote in his last letter: “When we first came among you, you were not a distinct people, nor did we expect you ever would be; for we had not sectarian object in view, it being no part of our plan to meddle with ecclesiastical affairs. Our sole desire was to preach Christ and Him crucified.” By then the Armenian Evangelical Church was firmly entrenched among the Armenians as a distinct denomination separate from the Apostolic Church.

Driven with a Christian missionary zeal for service, the adherents of the Armenian Evangelical Church rendered much service to the Armenian nation, enriching it way more than one would have expected from the meager demographic constituency of its faithful. I quote Rev. Vahan Tootikiian: “Within a decade after its birth, the Armenian Evangelical Church had grown by leaps and bounds. To administer these churches effectively, the following four church Unions were organized: Bithynia, Eastern, Cilician and Central Unions. These Unions lasted until 1915, prior to the Armenian Genocide.

The Genocide changed the whole dynamics. More than 1.5 million Armenians lost their lives. Most of the Armenian Evangelical churches, schools and institutions were destroyed. Prior to the Armenian Genocide, the Armenian Evangelical community in Tur key numbered 51,000. It had 137 organized churches with 82 ordained ministers and 97 preachers and evangelists. In the aftermath of the Genocide, the Armenian Evangelicals counted 14,000 members, 31 churches, with 25 ordained ministers and 13 preachers.” 

Thus, in time the Armenian Evangelical Church came to be the evangelical front of the Armenian Church. A separate but not a different Armenian church. I used the adjective evangelical for brevity for the purpose of this blog and did not mean to imply that the Armenia Apostolic Church is not. 

The Indispensable Heritage.

Whenever I think of the Armenian Evangelical Church, Rev. Barkev N. Darakjian’s book “The Indispensable Heritage” (Անփոխարինելի Ժառանգութիւնը) comes to my mind. The book is an in-depth presentation of the Armenian Evangelical Church in an impeccable Western Armenian. Rev. Barkev N. Darakjian cites three pillars on which the Armenian Evangelical rested when it came about. The three pillars he cites are the following: that the church is Evangelical (Աւետարանական), that it is rooted in the Armenian Christian experience (Հայաստանեաց), and that it is a movement (Շարժում).

One hundred and seventy-five years (175) years have passed since that fateful day on July 1, 1946. Has the Armenian Evangelical Church remained true to the three pillars on which it stood?  I invite interested readers to contemplate and draw their own conclusions.

Sources:

1.      “Armenian Evangelical Church – A Brief History” by Rev. Dr. Vahan H. Tootikian, in the AMAA NEWS, April.May.June 2021.

2.    “Forty Years in the Turkish Empire or Memoirs of Rev. William Goodell D.D, Late Missionary of A.B.C.F.M at Constantinople”, edited by his son-in-law, E. D. G. Prime, published by Robert Carter and Brothers (New York). Its fifth edition, posted online by Google, is dated 1878.

3.    Վեր. Պարգես Ն. Տարագճեան, «ԱՆՓՈԽԱՐԻՆԵԼԻ ԺԱՌԱՆԳՈՒԹԻՒՆԸ», Հայ Աւետարանչական Ընկերակցութիւն, Փըրամսշ Նիւ Ճըրզի, Ամերիկայի Միացեալ Նահաններ, 2004. (Rev. Barkev N. Darakjian, “The Indispensable Heritage”, published by Armenian Missionary Association of American, Inc., Paramus, NJ, U.S.A., 2004)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hotel Lux: Hrant Kevorkian:

Hrant Kevorkian is the composer of the song “Sweet is the Night”. Its lyrics is a poem by Missak Medzarents. The attached are passages I translated from his autobiography titled “Կեանքիս Պատկէրազարդ Ժապաւէնը» - My Life’s Picturesque Ribbon” (pages 166 and 170) reminiscing about his stay in Hotel Lux. The book was published in 1983 in Aleppo. He had personified and gifted a copy to my parents. Mr. Hrant Kevorkian passed away a few years later in Aleppo. Vahe H. Apelian

 

Hrant Kevorkian with Mr and Mrs Hovhannes Zvart Apelian

“ One day, as usual, we were sitting on the roof top veranda of our hotel, where Armenians from different countries had gathered. Upon request I played several songs on the accordion. After which, a lady (who was a scouts leader from Aleppo) was asked to sing a song. After hesitating for a few moments and after some thought, she began to sing the "Night is Sweet” song.  She had barely uttered the first two words, there came a restrained commotion in the audience, but she continued singing without paying attention to the stealthy smiles and meaningful looks. When the song ended and the applause stopped, the ever ready and always active Mrs. Zuart Apelian, without any further patience, addressed the lady and said:

- Miss, you sang very well, congratulations. But did you know that the composer of the song you sang is the gentleman wearing eye glasses sitting right next to you?

The lady,  caught by surprise, turned to me, and said:

- Sir, first of all, I congratulate you for your beautiful composition.  But do you know how many hearts have moved with this song of yours?

I answered without hesitation in a light hearted mood :

- Thank you, ma'am. I hope that one of those hearts moved in your favor.

The Hotel Lux Roof Top Veranda

*****

" I could never forget the proprietor of our Armenian hotel, Mr. Hovhannes Apelian and his esteemed wife, Zvart. Both of whom treated me kindly. Also, his sons  Vahe and Garo and his nephews Stepan’s (Steve) and Ara who extended their sincere friendship to me.

Hovhannes Apelian

"Vahe graduated as a pharmacist from the American University of Beirut; Steve graduated as an agriculturist, and Ara as a doctor. Ara is also known as a writer and as a serious young man engaged in the Armenian literary culture. 

It would be impossible to forget, especially our Sunday lunch (chicken and rice pilaf). All in the inn ate together like a patriarchal family and carried on conversation with joy and laughter. After lunch we had coffee and  gradually moved to our rooms. Mr. Hovhannes had a habit of taking a nap on a chair .... 

This man, Hovhannes, a native of Kessab from the village of Keurkune, had a rare heart and soul. A few years ago, at the sight of  the desolate state of his and our beloved hotel, because of the devastating civil war in Lebanon, left for the United States to join his son Vahe. Garo got married and moved to the U.S. as well with his wife. Mrs. Zvart Apelian, the faithful educator and the devoted teacher at Shamlian-Tatigian School, remained behind for now. Steve and Ara  intend to further their specializations in their chosen fields. I wish success to the studious brothers.”

Aram's Widow Gadarine՛ Manougian

Gadarine՛ Manougian’s Golgotha

 

The attached is my translation from the last segment of Dr. Armenag Yeghiyan’s remembrances (numbered 20) - (Հայրենի Յուշեր 20). In this segment he dwelt upon the state of Aram Manougian’s widow, their daughter Seta and their houseէ in Yerevan. The original is attached. Vahe H. Apelian

Aram Manougian passed away on January 29, 1919, due to typhus, after putting a life and death struggle for a month and after having – if it could be characterized so – the pleasure of witnessing the independent statehood. He left behind his physician widow Gadarine՛ Zalian (Կատարինէ  Զալեան) and their four months old orphaned daughter Seta (Սեդա) in her crib. 

*****

Aram Manougian’s and Gadarine՛ Zalian’s wedding took place during the early part of 1918. At the time she was engrossed in her work keeping the refugees safe from prevailing epidemics. Their meeting had taken place in the very hospital she was working. 

Their marriage lasted hardly a year and a half.

After the death of her husband, his widow was elected as a delegate to the 80 members national assembly becoming one of the three women delegates. Meanwhile she continued providing medical care to the refugees.

Not long after her widowhood, the Sovietization of Armenia took place, and her Golgotha began. 

The Soviet authorities first confiscated her two-story beautiful residence that was constructed with black stone. Aram Manougian’s friend Fadey Kalantarian (Ֆատեյ Քալանդարեան) had gifted the house to him when he arrived in Yerevan. The Soviet authorities also forbad her from practicing medicine. 

Having become homeless, Mrs. Manougian took refuge in her sister’s one bedroom apartment. From there she went to Krasnodar in Russia and moved in with her deceased husband’s relatives living a modest life doing menial work.

 In 1937 the need for physicians became acute in Armenia because of shortage for trained physicians. This gave her the opportunity to return to Yerevan and devote herself to her profession. “My mother went to work in the morning, would come home during lunch to feed me and would return to work keeping me behind closed door. That was her life in a nutshell.” Recalled Seta Manougian in her memoirs.

 The communist authorities not only attempted to crush the family Aram Manougian left behind, but also desecrated his grave unearthing Aram’s remains.  The state of the First Republic had undertaken the burial of Aram’s remains in the state pantheon where the present Komidas Park and Pantheon is located, in Yerevan. His widow, while in a state of abject poverty, took upon herself and had her husband's remains buried in the cemetery of Tokhmam Geol. ( Note: Dr. Armenag visited Aram Manougian’s gravesite in 1989 and met the eminent scholar Varag Arakelisn who had spearheaded the sculpting of the memorial monument and having it placed at Aram Manougian’s gravesite. See my blog titled “ Aghpalian, Aram, and Njteh: http://vhapelian.blogspot.com/2021/05/armenag-yeghiayan-aghpalian-aram-and.html”).

During the years of independence (post September 21, 1991). Aram Manougian’s remains were unearthed and were taken and reburied in the Yerevan Pantheon, which is the most revered cemetery. The remains of Aram Manougian’s widow Gadarine՛ and those of their daughter Seta were also brought and buried next his.   

*****

 There came the 1937 dreadful years. Mrs. Gadarine՛  Manougian once again was evicted from her home and released from her work. She lived in abject poverty until the start of the world war, at which time, once again, the need for trained physicians became acute in Armenia. The government restated her rights as a citizen and her professional qualifications and permitted her to resume practicing her profession as a medical doctor for the rest of her life.  

She passed away in 1965.

Gadarine Zalian-Manougian, Berjouhy Parseghian, Varvara Sahagian

A short while before her death, she has told her daughter Seta, “I did not see, but you will most definitely see the day when people will remember and appreciate your father. I am sure that the Armenian people will not forget him.”

After the death of her mother Seta Manougian continued to live in Yerevan until 1976. Subsequently she moved to Moscow where she lived the remainder of her life until her death in 2005, at the age of eighty-six. Throughout those years Seta visited Armenia once in 1998 when she gifted to the national museum her father’s personal belongings and pictures.

         Regarding the state of Aram Manougian’s house, Dr. Armenag Yeghiayan noted the following in a footnote: 

“Aram Manougian’s dilapidated house is on the former Spandarian Street, nowadays Aram Street, No. 9.  For unknown reasons, the once beautiful and fortified structure in central Yerevan has reached its current neglected state. Through the years of independence, the house turned into a landfill, where passersby did not hesitate to meet their needs there. Sometime later. Mayor Taron Margarian granted it a lock that would at least note to keep it "clean" and placed a plaque on the only wall standing, the façade, that reads: “In this house lived and died the founder of the Armenian Republic, Aram Manougian, 1917-1919”. A heartbroken journalist testified to the following in Aztag Daily on 8/25/2015, in an article titled “Shame”.  "I go in carefully, avoiding the stinking garbage bags and the dirt that people have expelled." 

 No one, or a party, or an organization has managed to find a proper solution to this deplorable situation. On the contrary, everyone found a way avoiding the matter and pointing fingers to the municipality of Yerevan, whose official position remains the following:  "Aram Manougian's house is privately owned. The municipality has no authority there." 

It turned out that its owner is Vartan Srmakesh (Վարդան Սրմաքէշ), a resident of Switzerland who has bought the whole street from a certain Yagoupian (Եագուպեան), who is now deceased, and started demolishing to erect new building.  The public remains unaware of any successful attempt to compensate the current owner to repossess Aram Manougian’s house and return it to the nation.”

  

Հայրենի յուշեր (20)

(Իբրեւ վերջաբան)                                               

         Հայրենի յուշերուս այս վերջին դրուագը կ’ուզեմ յատկացնել Արամի յիշատակին, անոր  անձին ու ընտանիքին վերաբերող կարգ մը մանրամասնութիւններու, որոնք ընդհանրապէս կը վրիպին արդի հայու  գիտութենէն, թէկուզ  միշտ  ու միանշանակ՝ բոլորովին անծանօթ   չըլլան պատմածներս:

         Արամի գործունէութեան փայլուն  փուլերէն մէկը կը կազմէ Վանը: 

         Ան  առաջին անգամ հոն ոտք կը դնէր 1904-ին եւ այնուհետեւ,-- կարգ մը ընդմիջումներով,--  բախտը կը կապէր  մասնաւորաբար այդ պատմական ոստանին եւ ընդհանրապէս ամբողջ Վասպուրականին՝ արժանանալով  «Վանայ Արամը»  յորջորջումին եւ առարկայ դառնալով շրջակայ թուրք, քուրդ եւ  այլազգի  շրջանակներու  միահամուռ յարգանքին՝ մինչեւ «փաշա» անուանումը: Այստեղ ան  քիչ մը ամէն բան է՝ ուսուցիչ, դպրոցի հիմնադիր,  երիտասարդական խումբերու կազմակերպող, ազգային հաստատութեանց վերակացու եւ հայութեան մնայուն ներկայացուցիչը՝ յաչս  թրքական կառավարութեան:

         Արամ Վանը կը լքէ անոր ինքնավարութեան անկումէն ետք՝ 1916-ին, որ կը զուգադիպի ռուսական բանակի նահանջին Արեւմտեան Հայաստանէն, երբ այլեւս կարելի չեղաւ այնտեղ պահպանել՝ հայ կամաւորական գունդերու առաջնորդութեամբ ու օգնութեամբ ազատագրուած տարածքները, ուր պահ մը նահանգապետ  ալ նշանակուեցաւ  ան ռուսական իշխանութեան կողմէ: 

*   *   *

         Նահանջելով Վասպուրականէն՝ ան կը հասնի Թիֆլիս, ուր կեդրոնացած էին օրուան կարեւորագոյն գործիչները եւ կը վճռուէին ազգային բոլոր հարցերը: Սակայն այս միջավայրը իր նստակեցական ու դիւանակալական բարքերով չի գրաւեր զինք, եւ 1917-ին, Ազգային խորհուրդի լիազօր ներկայացուցիչի հանգամանքով  ան կ’անցնի Երեւան, որ շատ աւելի կը պատշաճէր իր  ճաշակին ու ըմբռնումներուն եւ ուր, մանաւանդ, շատ աւելի գործ կար ընելիք:

         Արդարեւ, Երեւանը այդ օրերուն լեցուած էր արեւմտահայ  հոծ գաղթականութեամբ,  մասնաւորաբար մեծաթիւ՝ մօտ 50.000, անտէր որբերով, որոնց վիճակը շուտով պիտի օրհասական դառնար աւելի քան հարիւր տարիէ ի վեր այնտեղ հաստատուած ռուսական  բանակի վերջին մնացորդներու հեռացումով՝ ի հետեւանս  Լենինի կոչերուն՝  դադրեցնելու պատերազմը   եւ վերադառնալու տուն, ինչ որ բոլորովին անտէր կը ձգէր  Հայաստանը թրքական զօրքերու  դէպի Արարատեան դաշտ խուժումի փորձերուն դիմաց:  Հայրենի հայութեան  ու կամաւորական գունդերուն վերջին բեկորներուն աչքերը բնական հակումով մը կը յառին  Արամ Մանուկեանին, որուն վարչական ու ռազմական  համբաւին  այլապէս ալ  ծանօթ էին անոնք:

         Այս առանձին ու անտէր մնացած զանգուածի  ջանադիր կազմակերպութեան շնորհիւ է,  որ յառաջացաւ այն  դիմադրական ուժը, որ համակած էր հայութիւնը երեք տարի առաջ Վանի մէջ  եւ պիտի ամիսներ ետք վերայայտնուէր Սարդարապատի մէջ՝  յաղթական դիմագրաւելով   թրքական ներխուժող հորդաները եւ պարտութեան մատնելով զանոնք` վերականգնելու համար վեց դարերէ ի վեր կորսուած հայ պետականութեան հիմքերը՝ 28 մայիս 1918-ին:

         Եւ մինչ կ’ակնկալուէր, որ ի՛նք ալ գլխաւորէր  հռչակուած հանրապետութիւնը, Արամ Մանուկեան,  որ  միշտ  խուսափած էր տիտղոսներէ ու ցուցական պատիւներէ,  իր տեղը կը զիջի Յովհաննէս Քաջազնունիի, որ կը դառնայ  առաջին վարչապետը, մինչ ինք կը ստանձնէ ներքին նախարարութիւնը, ուր շատ աւելի գործ կար ընելիք,  մօտ ամիս մըն ալ ժամանակաւորապէս կը վարէ աշխատանքի եւ խնամատարութեան  նախարարութիւնները:

         Կը մահանայ 29  յունուար 1919-ին, բծաւոր տիֆի վարակով, ամբողջ ամիս մը պայքարելէ ետք հիւանդութեան դէմ եւ  հազիւ եօթը ամիս վայելելով,-- եթէ կարելի է այսպէս ըսել,-- անկախ պետականութեան հրճուանքը: Ետին կը ձգէ այրին՝ բժշկուհի Կատարինէ Զալեանը, եւ չորս ամսու որբուհի մը՝ Սեդան, խանձարուրի մէջ:

                                                                      *   *   *

         Արամ Մանուկեանի եւ Կատարինէ  Զալեանի ամուսնութիւնը տեղի ունեցած է 1918-ի սկիզբը: Այն ատեն  կինը լծուած էր գաղթականներն ու որբերը համաճարակներու դէմ պաշտպանելու համար մղուող պայքարին, եւ անոնց հանդիպումն ալ տեղի կ’ունենայ  ճիշդ  այն հիւանդանոցին մէջ, ուր կը գործէր  ան:

         Այս ամուսնական կեանքը կը տեւէ նուազ քան  տարիուկէս:

         Ամուսինին մահէն ետք կինը  կ’ընտրուի  խորհրդարանի պատգամաւոր՝ դառնալով   80 անդամ հաշուող  Ազգային ժողովի երեք կիներէն  մէկը՝  շարունակելով միաժամանակ բերել իր մասնակցութիւնը գաղթականներու խնամքին: 

         Վրայ կը հասնի Հայաստանի խորհրդայնացումը, եւ կը սկսի  անոր գողգոթան:

         Նախ կը գրաւեն բնակարանը , որ  սեւ քարէ կառուցուած երկյարկ գեղեցիկ  շէնք մըն էր, որ Արամ Մանուկեան, Երեւան ժամանելուն առթիւ,  նուէր ստացած էր Ֆատեյ Քալանդարեան անուն  բարեկամէ մը, ապա  կը զրկեն աշխատանքէ եւս: Տիկին Մանուկեան,   բոլորովին անտէր մնալով, կը հաստատուի  քրոջը  մէկ սենեականոց  տունը,  այնուհետեւ  կը մեկնի Կրասնոտար՝ Արամի ազգականներուն քով, ուր կ’ապրի չարքաշ կեանքով մը՝ կատարելով քանի մը աշխատանք: 1927-ին Հայաստանի մէջ խիստ կարիքը կը զգացուի մասնագէտ բժիշկներու, ահա այս առիթէն ալ օգտուելով ան  կը վերադառնայ Երեւան ու կը նուիրուի իր մասնագիտութեան.  «Մայրս առաւօտեան աշխատանքի կ’երթար, ճաշի կու գար, զիս կը կերակրէր, նորէն դուռը վրաս փակելով՝ կ’երթար ուրիշ գործի, դա էր նրա ամբողջ  կեանքը»,-- կը վկայէ Սեդա Մանուկեան իր յուշերուն մէջ:

         Արամի ընտանիքը խորտակելու փորձէն ետք՝ օրուան համայնավար իշխանութիւնները  կ’արտաշիրմեն անոր աճիւնները  եւս, որ օրին կը գտնուէր այժմեան Կոմիտասի անուան պանթէոնի տեղը, ուր  թաղուած էր Առաջին հանրապետութեան ծախսերով, եւ կնոջը  շատ նեղ միջոցներով անոնք կը փոխադրուին այժմեան Թոխմախ գէօլի գերեզմանատունը, որուն ակնարկուած է այս յուշերու 12-րդ դրուագին մէջ: Անկախութենէն ետք՝ Արամ Մանուկեանի շիրիմը մէկ անգամ եւս տեղափոխուեցաւ  ու հանգրուանեց  այս անգամ,− յուսանք վերջնականապէս,− Երեւանի պետական պանթէոնի մէջ, ուր բերուեցան  ու  ամփոփուեցան անոր կնոջ եւ աղջկան աճիւնները  եւս:

*   *   *

         Կը հասնի 1937 չարաշուք թուականը,  եւ Կատարինէ Մանուկեան անգամ մը եւս դուրս կը դրուի տունէն ու կ’արձակուի աշխատանքէն: Ան տնանկ ու ծայրայեղ թշուառ կ’ապրի մինչեւ Համաշխարհային պատերազմի սկիզբը, երբ մեծ կարիք կը զգացուի բժիշկներու, ուստի  կը թոյլատրուի, որ  ան  վերատիրանայ իր քաղաքացիական  իրաւունքներուն եւ  վերսկսի աշխատիլ:

         Այսպէս կ’ապրի ան մինչեւ մահը՝ 1965-ին:

         Մահէն քիչ առաջ ան կ’ըսէ աղջկանը. «Ես չտեսայ, բայց դու անպայման կը տեսնես  այն օրը, երբ մարդիկ  կը յիշեն ու կը գնահատեն քո հօրը: Ես վստահ եմ, որ հայ ժողովուրդը  չի մոռանայ նրան»:

         Մօրը մահէն ետք Սեդա Մանուկեան Երեւան կը մնայ մինչեւ 1976, ապա  կը հաստատուի Մոսկուա, ուր կ’ապրի կեանքին մնացեալ տարիները մինչեւ 2005` 86 տարիքը: Այս ամբողջ միջոցին ան միայն մէկ անգամ՝ 1998-ին կ’այցելէ Հայաստան, ուր Սարդարապատի թանգարանին կը նուիրէ հօրը անձնական իրերն ու լուսանկարները:

armenag@gmail.com                                                               Արմենակ Եղիայեան            

 

Boarders: NKAO, Artsakh, the Melikdoms and Ketashen

 Note: I quote and thank my non-Armenian friend the following regarding the boarders of Nakorno Karabagh Autonomous Oblast / Artsakh before and after the war.

Artsakh / Nakorno Karabagh Before the War.

‘The bright yellow part is what used to be Nagorno Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, which was administratively assigned to the Azerbaijani SSR but had an autonomous status.  The red line is the pre-2020 line of contact after the 1990s war.  You can see that a bit of NKAO east of Martuni (in the southeast of NKAO) was lost in that war, as well as a bit of territory northeast of Martakert (in the northeast of NKAO). 

That orangish part north of the line of contact was never part of NKAO, but it was claimed by the Artsakh Republic because it was heavily Armenian (but ethnically cleansed during the 1990s war).  It roughly corresponds to the pre-19th-century territory of the Armenian melik of Gulustan, which for some reason wasn't included in NKAO along with the other four Armenian melikdoms.

You can also see the Lachin corridor near Syunik, which was outside NKAO but was proposed to be given to Artsakh Republic and Armenia as part of a peace deal.  

Here is the situation after the 2020 war.

The parts of NKAO that were lost during the 2020 war are the blue bits to the north of Martakert and the blue part to the south that is inside the white line.  The blue part outside of the white line is the Azerbaijani territory between NKAO and the Araks River that was reconquered during the war.  The green parts are Azerbaijani territory that was given back according to the ceasefire.  The purple is the Russian-monitored Lachin corridor, which was given to Azerbaijan but Armenians are allowed passage to the territory remaining under Artsakh control, in orange.

The key NKAO cities that were lost in 2020 are Hadrut in the southeast and Shushi. I 'm not sure how much of NKAO was lost in 2020, but it looks to be 20-25%.  And it depends on whether you count the bits lost in the 1990s too. 

For years the only road connecting the Republic of Armenia to the Artsakh Republic was the road that went through Goris-Lachin-Shushi-Stepanakert.

A few years ago they opened the road from Vardenis to Martakert, which went by Dadivank Monastery. And I think they were planning a third road in the south.  Maybe that is through Meghri, which I think is the corridor that Azerbaijan and Russia and Turkey all want open?  The one that connects Nakhchivan to Azerbaijan through Syunik.

Historic five Armenian melikdoms.

Here is a map from Wikipedia of the five Armenian melikdoms, whose ability to remain mostly independent under Safavid rule led to them retaining a large Armenian population, which is why NKAO was created in the first place. You can see that Gyulistan was mostly left out of NKAO.

By the way Gyulistan is where the Russian Empire and Qajar Iran signed the famous 1813 treaty that ceded most of the South Caucasus to Russia.  I think it might have been at the former melik's fortress?  Not sure.”

And for a finale, we shall not forget Kedashen and what it symoolizes:

“They Were, are No More” (Կային Չկան) (No.1)

 “They Were, (and) are no more” (Կային, Չկան) is the title of the last chapter of Antranig Zarougian’s “The Greats and the Others” (Մեծերը եւ Միւսները) book where he casts a glimpse of the way an intellectual group of writers related to each other, as poets, novelists, journalists, and editors who propelled the post genocide Western Armenian literature to new heights that subsided with their passing away. The attached is an abridged translated segments from that chapter. Vahe H. Apelian

 “They Were, (and) are no more” (Կային Չկան) is the title of the last chapter of Antranig Zarougian’s “The Greats and the Others” (Մեծերը եւ Միւսները) book.

The book was published in 1992, at least that is the publication date indicated in my copy of the book. I have read Antranig Zarougian’s books, but this book I have read more than once. In seven chapters Zarougian depicts his perception of those he considered greats and not so greats, but non-less, devoted to Armenian culture and cause. The last, and the eight chapter, is devoted to the “others”.

The book is 351 pages long and was printed in Antelias, ostensibly by the Catholicosate of Cilicia printing office. Mr. Kegham Ohanian had undertaken the printing expenses in memory of his wife.

Zarougian made the following comment at the very beginning of the text, which I believe encapsulates a state of Diaspora life, which he perceived to be starkly true.  I quote, “Diaspora, is an unsettled and a fluid state, where the real greats cannot succeed remaining great and those who are gifted for greatness, have no room to become great”.

In a superb narration, characteristic of Antranig Zarougian’s writing, he reminisced about those he considered were greats. But, at the same time, palpable in his opening remarks, there seemed to permeate a pessimistic undertone that those whom he considered to have been great, have faults of their own, having personally known them and dealt with them. 

The quote is also a reflection of Zarougian’s frustration. Zarougian was cognizant of his genius and might have expected that he should have had a more prominent standing in the Armenian Diaspora as a whole. Let us be mindful that the book was written three decades ago and there was a time when a segment of the Armenian Diaspora shunned him and his literary works and the “Nairi” Weekly he published.

The personalities he presented in the book are the following:

- Levon Shant and Nigol Aghpalian. Both are depicted as his teachers in the famed Jemaran. Levon Shant, the school’s founding principal, “was an Armenian playwright, novelist, poet and founder of the Hamazkayin Armenian Educational and Cultural Society.” (Wikipeida).  Nigol Aghpalian “was an Armenian public figure and historian of literature” was a teacher after having been the Minister of Public Education, of the first republic of Armenia.  Both were prominent members of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF)) and were depicted in the first chapter of the book titled “The Contrasting Twins” (Հակադիր Երկուորեակներ), pages 9 to 62. I translated an abridged version of this chapter and posted it on my blog in five installments.

- Hagop Oshagan, was an eminent writer and literary critic. The chapter is titled “Solitary Giant” (Մենակեաց Հսկան), pages 65 to 118.

- Arshag Chobanian, was a “short story writer, journalist, editor, poet, translator, literary ciritc, playright and novelist” (Wikipedia). The chapter is titled “The Patriarch of Armenian Literature” (Հայ Գրականութեան Նահապետը), pages 121 to 170.

- Arshavir Shiragian and Drasdamag Ganayan (Dro). The former, Arshavir Shiragian, “was an Armenian writer, who was noted for his assassination of Said Halim Pasha and Gemal Azmi as an act of vengeance to their roles in the Armenian Genocide” (Wikipedia). These assassinations were part of Operation Nemesis run by the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF). The latter, Drastamad Ganayan, “better known as Dro, was an Armenian military commander and politician, a member of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation. He served as Defense Minister of Armenia in 1920.” (Wikipedia). The chapter is titled,  “The Stinging Bee and the Tiger” ( Խայթող Մեղուն եւ Վագրը), pages 173 to 227..

- Hamo Ohanjanian and Vahan Papazian (Goms).  The former, Hamo Ohanjanian, “was a member of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation. He served as the third Prime Minister of the First Republicl of Armenia from May 5 to November 20, 1920.” (Wikipedia). The latter, Vahan Papazian, “also known by his pseudonym Goms, was an Armenian political activist and a community leader in Van, a member of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation.” He was also an author. The chapter is titled “ Man Picture and Picture Man” (Մարդ Պատկերը եւ Պատկեր Մարդը), pages 231 to 257.

- Gostan Zarian, was “an Armenian writer, who produced short lyric poems, long narrative poems of an epic cast, manifestos, essays, travel impression, criticism and fiction” (Wikipedia).  The chapter is titled “The Passenger and his Roads” (Անցորդը եւ իր Ճամբանները), pages 264 to 301.

- Shavarsh Missakian, was a poet, critic, translator and the founding eminent editor of “Haratch Daily” of Paris. In his youth he was one of those who occupied the “Ottoman Bank”. The title of the chapter is “The Triumph of the Ordinary” (Պարզին Յաղթանակը), pages 305 to 316.

- “They Were, (and) are No More” (Կային Չկան), is the last chapter. It is a reminiscing of persons who, in one way or another, have remained etched in Zarougian’s memory for their devotion to things Armenian. The chapter is tilted “ Travel Notes” (Ճամբու Նօթեր), pages 319 to 351.

Note: To be continued